Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious
infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It
primarily targets the lungs, where it leads to symptoms such as a chronic
cough, chest pain, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), fever, night sweats, and
significant weight loss. Although TB mainly affects the lungs, it can also
involve other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, or brain, known as
extrapulmonary TB. The infection spreads through airborne droplets released
when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Diagnosing TB involves a combination
of tests, including the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, which checks for an
immune response to TB antigens, and chest X-rays to identify lung damage.
Sputum samples are also analyzed to confirm the presence of TB bacteria.
Treatment generally involves a multi-drug regimen, including antibiotics such
as isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, over a period of at least
six months. In cases of drug-resistant TB, more complex and prolonged
treatments are required. Prevention strategies include the BCG vaccine, which
is particularly effective in children, and implementing infection control
measures like proper ventilation and the use of masks.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis encompasses a range of
liver inflammations caused by various viruses, including Hepatitis A, B, C, D,
and E. Hepatitis A is usually contracted through the consumption of
contaminated food or water and is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue,
abdominal pain, nausea, and jaundice. This type of hepatitis typically resolves
with supportive care, and a vaccine is available for prevention. Hepatitis B,
transmitted through exposure to infectious body fluids, can lead to both acute
and chronic liver diseases. Chronic cases may require antiviral medications
like tenofovir or entecavir, and prevention is facilitated by vaccination.
Hepatitis C is predominantly spread through blood-to-blood contact and often
results in chronic infection, potentially leading to severe liver damage.
Advances in treatment, particularly with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), have
significantly improved cure rates. Hepatitis D is unique in that it only
infects those who are already infected with Hepatitis B, and managing it
involves treating Hepatitis B and preventing further complications. Hepatitis E
is transmitted via contaminated water and is often self-limiting, though it can
be more severe in pregnant women. Diagnostic approaches for hepatitis generally
include blood tests to detect viral antigens or antibodies, liver function
tests, and imaging studies like ultrasound or MRI. Treatment strategies vary
based on the specific type of hepatitis and the severity of the disease, with a
focus on antiviral medications, lifestyle modifications, and regular monitoring
of liver health.
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| Tuberculosis and Hepatitis |